Owing to the multi-component, multiple-target, multi-pharmacology and low toxicity characteristics, Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Indeed, CHMs have been used for the treatment of different diseases in China for thousands of years. To study how CHMs work and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action remain an important subject in modern Chinese medicine research. The special series entitled “Pharmacology of Chinese Herbal Medicine” is a case in point in this research area. It aims to provide recent updates on the pharmacology of CHMs in the treatment of different diseases.